Performance of the tetra-primer PCR technique compared to PCR-RFLP in the search for rs12979860 (C/T) and rs8099917 (T/G) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IFNL4 gene / Desempenho da técnica tetra-primer PCR em relação a PCR-RFLP na pesquisa de polimorfismos de nucleotídeos únicos (SNPs) rs12979860 (C/T) e rs8099917 (T/G) no gene IFNL4

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, rs12979860 e rs8099917) in the Interferon Lambda 4 gene (IFNL4, formerly IFNL3and/or IL28B) has been associated with failure in the innate immune response, sustained virological response in hepatitis C, and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM) development. To search for these polymorphisms several methodologies can be employed, such as sequencing, real-time or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in PCR products (PCR-RFLP), and tetra-primer PCR. The present study compared the performance of the tetra-primer PCR in relation to the PCR-RFLP, both optimized in the Research HTLV Laboratory of the Center of Immunology of Instituto Adolfo Lutz in São Paulo. One hundred DNA samples obtained from patients of STD/Aids Reference Centre in São Paulo, previously analyzed for IL28B SNPs by PCR-RFLP were selected for analysis, after confirming that they represent all IL28B SNPs patterns described in the literature. The results obtained showed concordance between the PCR-RFLP and the tetra-primer PCR SNPs results, and because of the low cost, easy to perform, and minor employment of biological specimen and reagents, the tetra-primer PCR is of choice to be used in routine. (AU)

Polimorfismos de nucleotídeos únicos (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs rs12979860 e rs8099917) no gene que codifica o Interferon Lambda 4 (IFNL4, antigamente IFNL3 e/ou IL28B) têm sido associados às falhas na resposta imune inata e resposta virológica sustentada na hepatite C, e a mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1 (HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, HAM). A pesquisa destes polimorfismos pode empregar diversas metodologias: sequenciamento, reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real ou quantitativa (quantitative polymerase chain reaction, qPCR), análise de fragmentos de restrição enzimática em produtos de PCR (restriction fragment length polymorphism in PCR products, PCR-RFLP) e a tetra-primer PCR. Este estudo comparou o desempenho da tetra-primer PCR em relação a PCR-RFLP, ambas otimizadas no Laboratório de Pesquisa em HTLV do Centro de Imunologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz de São Paulo. Foram selecionadas 100 amostras de DNA obtidas de pacientes do Centro de Referência e Treinamento em DST/Aids de São Paulo cujos SNPs na IL28B foram anteriormente determinados por PCR-RFLP e representaram todos os perfis descritos em literatura. Os resultados obtidos mostraram concordância entre elas, e pelo fato da tetra-primer PCR ter menor custo, ser de fácil execução, empregar menos tempo, insumos e material biológico, é a técnica de escolha para uso em rotina. (AU)

Expression and identification of recombinant human interferon λ1 in HEK-293F cells / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To express recombinant human interferon λ1(rhIFNλ1)by transient transfection in HEK-293F cells and identify it. Methods Two signal peptides[T cell receptor(TCR)and nature signal peptide(NSP)],three vectors[pcDNA3.4,ubiquitous chromatin opening element(UCOE)and PFR]and the target gene rhIFNλ1 were used to construct recombinant plasmids of six signal peptide-vector combinations. Using HEK-293F as host cells,the recombinant plasmids were transfected transiently to express rhIFNλ1 on a shake flask scale. The recombinant plasmid UCOE-Q46-λ with low glycosylation rhIFNλ1 was constructed by using NSP and vector UCOE,and transfected transiently into HEK-293F cells. The expressed product was purified by cation exchange chromatography(HiTrap SP FF),blue gel chromatography(HiTrap Blue HP)and gel filtration chromatography(Sephacryl S-100 HR),which was then analyzed by Western blot and reversed-phase HPLC,and determined for its molecular mass and N-terminal amino acid sequence by mass spectrometry. Results Six recombinant plasmids were constructed correctly as identified by double enzyme digestion and sequencing. With the extension of transfection time,the expression levels of the six expressed products increased gradually,and reached the highest level of10 ～ 20 mg/L at the 6th day of transfection. Double enzyme digestion and sequencing identification proved that the recombinant plasmid UCOE-Q46-λ with low glycosylation rhIFNλ1 was constructed correctly. The recombinant plasmid UCOE-Q46-λwas transfected into HEK-293F cells for 6 d. The purified product of cell culture supernatant showed a relative molecular mass of about 27 800 and a purity of 97. 372%,which showed specific binding to mouse anti-human IL-29/IFNλ1 monoclonal antibody;Two peaks were detected by reversed-phase HPLC,and the peak was showed at 15. 6 min and 20. 0 min respectively;The mass spectrometry molecular mass was about 24 000;The N-terminal five amino acids were G-P-V-P-T.Conclusion The rhIFNλ1 expressed by HEK-293F cells has high purity,which lays a foundation of further study of the protein.

Susceptibility of Anopheles sinensis to insecticides in Puyang City, Henan Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the susceptibility of Anopheles sinensis to malathion, deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin in Puyang City, Henan Province, so as to provide the scientific basis for local malaria vector control. Methods An. sinensis was captured from Puyang County, Puyang City of Henan Province in September 2018 and July 2020, and the susceptibility of field captured An. sinensis to malathion, deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin was tested using the filter-paper bioassay recommended by WHO. The insecticide resistance level was assessed based on the WHO criteria. Results In 2018 and 2010, the half knock-down times (KT50) of malathion were 91.08 min and 40.95 min for An. sinensis, with knock-down rates of 37.50% and 60.87% 60 min post-exposure to malathion and 24-hour mortality rates of 90.91% and 100%, respectively, and the insecticide resistance levels were moderately resistant (M) and susceptible (S). The KT50 of deltamethrin were 415.56 min and 341.19 min for An. sinensis in 2018 and 2020, with knock-down rates of 22.92% and 16.98% 60 min post-exposure to malathion and 24-hour mortality rates of 22.92% and 16.98%, and the insecticide resistance levels were all resistant (R). The KT50 of lambda-cyhalothrin were 164.22 min and 236.22 min for An. sinensis in 2018 and 2020, with knock-down rates of 30.39% and 38.30% 60 min postexposure to malathion and 24 h mortality rates of 19.60% and 21.28%, respectively, and the insecticide resistance levels were all R. Conclusion An. sinensis is relatively susceptible to malathion but has developed high-level resistance to deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin in Puyang City, Henan Province..

Phacoemulsification in posterior polar cataract: Experience from a tertiary eye care Centre in North India

Purpose: To determine the rate of posterior capsular rupture (PCR) and assess the postoperative outcomes in patients of posterior polar cataract (PPC) undergoing phacoemulsification using a combination of 揤� or �� nucleofractis and viscodissection. Methods: It was a retrospective study of 80 eyes of 64 patients undergoing surgery for PPC. All surgeries were performed by a single surgeon. After completion of the continuous curvilinear capsulorrhexis (CCC), controlled hydrodelineation was used to separate the endonucleus from the epinuclear shell with limited viscodissection. Phacoemulsification was then carried out by making a 揤� or lambda-shaped nucleofractis with the phaco tip followed by multiple chopping of the nucleus, ensuring the integrity of the epinuclear part of the lens. The epinuclear plate was removed after viscodissection. Results: The overall rate of PCR was 7.5% (6 out of 80 eyes). Of the 6 eyes, 4 eyes had been documented to have a pre-existing posterior capsular defect on slit-lamp examination. The rate of 搊n table� PCR, that is, PCR occurring intraoperatively was only 2.6% (2 of 76 eyes). Nucleus drop was not encountered in any case. Overall 87.5% eyes achieved a final visual acuity of 20/40 or better with 68.75% being 20/20 or better. Of the eyes developing PCR, two-third achieved a visual acuity of 20/30 or better. Conclusion: Using a combination of surgical techniques of V groove or lambda technique for nucleofractis and removal of epinucleus by viscodissection can result in a low rate of PCR and extremely good postoperative outcomes in cases of PPC.

A Preliminary Study On Incidence Of Cranial Sutural Bones By 3d Volume Rendering Of Ct Scan In Current Population In Eastern India

Background: Sutural bones are supranumary bones occurring along the sutures and completely surrounded bysutures of the skull. Their number, morphology and location vary in skulls. The knowledge of these bones isimperative in surgery, medicolegal cases involving child abuse or fracture of skulls and for anthropologicidentification of human populations. The studies on sutural bones have traditionally been based on the studiesof dry calvaria which are unreliable for the homogeneity of the population studied. Hence, this pilot study wasundertaken to evaluate the feasibility of 3D volume rendering of CT scan data for study of sutural bones.Method: 3D volume rendering from 64-slice CT scan data from 64 patients was studied for incidence andlocation of occurrence of sutural bones.Results: Overall incidence of sutural bone occurrence was found to be 29.69%. The most common sites forsutural bones, in descending order of occurrence, were found to be parieto-occipital suture, asterion, andlambda.Conclusion: Sutural bone studies in concurrent populations such as this one are rare. The incidence of suturalbones in this study is similar to what another study on concurrent populations has reported. However, locationof occurrence of sutural bones observed in this study was similar to all other sutural bone studies includingthose on dry skulls pointing to probable universality of this statistic. This preliminary study establishes the useof 3D volume rendering of CT scan data to be a valid means to acquire sutural bone data.

Efficacy of factory-treated and dip-it-yourself long lasting insecticide-treated bednets against cutaneous leishmaniasis vectors in the sub-Andean region of Colombia: results after two years of use

BACKGROUND Long lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) may be effective for vector control of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Their efficacy, however, has not been sufficiently evaluated. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the large-scale efficacy of LLINs on Lutzomyia longiflocosa entomological parameters up to two years post-intervention in the sub-Andean region of Colombia. METHODS A matched-triplet cluster-randomised study of 21 rural settlements, matched by pre-intervention L. longiflocosa indoor density was used to compare three interventions: dip it yourself (DIY) lambda-cyhalothrin LLIN, deltamethrin LLIN, and untreated nets (control). Sand fly indoor density, feeding success, and parity were recorded using CDC light trap collections at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months post-intervention. FINDINGS Both LLINs reduced significantly (74-76%) the indoor density and the proportion of fully engorged sand flies up to two years post-intervention without differences between them. Residual lethal effects of both LLINs and the use of all nets remained high throughout the two-year evaluation period. CONCLUSIONS Both LLINs demonstrated high efficacy against L. longiflocosa indoors. Therefore, the deployment of these LLINs could have a significant impact on the reduction of CL transmission in the sub-Andean region. The DIY lambda-cyhalothrin kit may be used to convert untreated nets to LLINs increasing coverage.

Sutural Bones: A Study On Incidence, Laterality And Co-relation With Cephalic Index In Dry Crania Of East Indian Ethnicity

Background: Sutural bones are supranumary bones occurring along the sutures and completely surrounded bysutures of the skull. Their number, morphology and location in skull vary in skulls. The knowledge of these bonesis imperative in surgery, medicolegal cases involving child abuse or fracture of skulls and for anthropologicidentification of human populations. This study was undertaken to examine incidence and pattern of distributionof sutural bones in dry skulls from Eastern India and compare the findings with similar studies across the world.Materials and Method: 180 dry crania were identified as male or female skulls and studied for the incidence andpattern of distribution of sutural bones. Also the Cephalic Index was measured for finding its correlation withthe number of sutural bones appearing in a skull.Results: 124 skulls were identified as male and 56 as female skulls. Overall incidence of sutural bone occurrencewas found to be 72.28% which was essentially similar across sexes. The most common sites for sutural bones,in descending order of occurrence, were found to be parieto-occipital suture, asterion, pterion and lambda.Bregma was the least common site where no sutural bone was encountered. A highly statistically significantfinding was in regard to laterality of sutural bone occurrence. Sutural bones occurring along coronal, parietotemporal, parieto-mastoid, occipito-mastoid sutures and pterion exhibited more than 80% tendency towardsunilateral occurrence while those occurring at asterion exhibited around 70% tendency towards unilateraloccurrence. All these findings, although displayed variable degree of sexual dimorphism, were statisticallyinsignificant for variation among sexes. No correlation between the number of sutural bones with cephalic indexwas found.Conclusion: The findings of this study are in agreement with the findings of many similar suitably poweredstudies across the world.

Increment of Serum Free Light Chain Kappa/Lambda Ratio in Patients with Renal Dysfunction

BACKGROUND: Since free light chain (FLC) is metabolized in the kidney, serum FLC concentration and kappa/lambda ratio are increased in patients with decreased renal function, even in the absence of monoclonal protein. In this study, we measured serum FLC levels to investigate the change in kappa/lambda ratios in relation to the severity of renal dysfunction. METHODS: Serum FLC concentrations were measured in 92 archived serum samples from patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease using the Freelite assay (The Binding Site Group Ltd., UK), and kappa/lambda ratios were calculated. Serum creatinine levels were assayed to calculate estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and patients were divided into subgroups according to Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines. We analyzed the difference in serum FLC levels and kappa/lambda ratios between subgroups. RESULTS: Serum FLC levels and kappa/lambda ratios increased depending on the severity of renal dysfunction. When patients were classified by setting cut-off value of eGFR as 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (group A: eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2, group B: < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), the kappa/lambda ratio of group B was significantly higher than that of group A (group B: 1.60±0.46 vs. group A: 1.35±0.27, P=0.018). Serum FLC kappa/lambda ratios were within the previously determined renal reference interval (0.37–3.1). CONCLUSIONS: When interpreting results of serum FLC kappa/lambda ratio, renal function status should be considered in addition to hematological findings. If renal function deteriorates, a wider renal reference interval is preferred instead of the usual reference interval.

Ângulos visuais: Artigo sobre a importância para o Implante de Lentes Intraoculares Multifocais / Visual angles: Article on the importance of Multifocal Intraocular Lenses Implantation

Resumo Objetivos: Medir o ângulo lâmbda (AL) em indivíduos no pré-operatório de facectomias, correlacionando a sua presença com o comprimento axial e o esférico dos olhos. Sugerir condutas para o implante de LIO multifocal de acordo com a presença do ângulo lâmbda. Métodos: Estudo transversal em 128 olhos de 74 indivíduos candidatos à cirurgia de catarata para registrar a equivalente presença do ângulo lâmbda. Resultados: Avaliando o ângulo lâmbda observou-se uma correlação positiva (r= 0,559 / p= 0,000) para o tamanho desse ângulo comparando-se os dois olhos. Não houve correlação entre o tamanho do ângulo lâmbda e o equivalente esférico no olho direito (r= -0,027 / p= 0,840), mas foi verificada correlação positiva para o olho esquerdo (r= 0,313 / p= 0,013). A presença da hipermetropia correlacionou com os comprimentos axiais pequenos, assim como a miopia com os grandes. Observou-se correlação negativa entre o tamanho do ângulo lâmbda e o comprimento axial para os dois olhos, sendo de r= -0,249 para o olho direito (p= 0,042) e r= -0,281 para o olho esquerdo (p= 0,018) Conclusões: Houve correlação entre a presença de ângulo lâmbda maior e comprimentos axiais menores para os dois olhos. Para o equivalente esférico hipermétrope houve correlação com a presença de um ângulo lâmbda maior apenas para o olho esquerdo. Esse trabalho sugere parcimônia nos implantes de LIO multifocal na presença de ângulo lâmbda significativo, baseado na teoria que a presença desse ângulo é reguladora do equilíbrio entre as aberrações da superfície corneana versus cristalineanas.

Abstract Objectives: To measure the labral angle (LA) in individuals in the preoperative period of facectomies, correlating their presence with axial length and spherical equivalent of the eyes. Suggest conduits for the implantation of multifocal IOL according to the presence of the lambda angle. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 128 eyes of 74 individuals who were candidates for cataract surgery to record the presence of the lambda angle. Results: A positive correlation (r = 0.559 / p = 0.000) was observed for the angle of this angle by comparing the two eyes. There was no correlation between the size of the lambda angle and the spherical equivalent in the right eye (r = -0.027 / p = 0.840), but a positive correlation was observed for the left eye (r = 0.313 / p = 0.013). The presence of hyperopia correlated with small axial lengths, as did myopia with large ones. There was a negative correlation between the angle of the tongue and the axial length of the two eyes, with r = -0.249 for the right eye (p = 0.042) and = 0.281 for the left eye (p = 0.018). Conclusions: There was a correlation between the presence of a larger lambda angle and smaller axial lengths for both eyes. For the spherical hypermétrope equivalent, there was a correlation with the presence of a larger blunt angle only for the left eye. This work suggests parsimony in multifocal IOL implants in the presence of a significant lamella angle, based on the theory that the presence of this angle regulates the balance between corneal versus crystaline surface aberrations.

Tooth extraction correction: Wilks' lambda discriminant analysis / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To use Wilks' lambda discriminant analysis for screening of the greatest influence factors in tooth extraction correction and to establish a method for validation.Methods A total of 100 orthodontic patients were selected,aged 14 to 40 years,with average age of 23.6 years,29 males and 76 females.The conventional cephalometry analysis was conducted.Statistical analysis was carried out with using SPSS 18.0 software package.Wilks' lambda statistical method was applied to filter the largest effect on tooth extraction treatment project.Results The UIE-AB and NA/PA calculation results showed statistical differences (P＜0.05),and it set up a tooth extraction rectification regression equation for y =0.125 × NA/PA+0.351 × UIE-AB-3.429;a combination of the initial validation accuracy was 82.6％,and cross validation accuracy was 81.03％.Conclusions Incisor to AB line distance and angle of NA/PA are good tooth extraction judgement indexes.

Association of IFNL3/IFNL4 polymorphisms with efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV-1 infection / 中华临床感染病杂志

Objective To investigate the associations of IFNL3/IFNL4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)with the efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART)in patients with HIV-1 infection.Methods Sixty-three adult patients with HIV-1 infection receiving HAART for at least 1 year in the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine were enrolled.HIV-1 RNA loads in plasma and HIV-1 DNA loads in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs),and blood SNPs were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR).Plasma inflammatory cytokines were examined by magnetic beads method,and the CD4 +T and CD8 +T lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood were measured by flow cytometry.According to response to HAART,the patients were classified as low HIV-1 RNA group(viral load <100 copies/mL)and high HIV-1 RNA group(viral load≥100 copies/mL);according to CD4+T lymphocyte counts,the patients were defined as low CD4+T cell group(<250 cells/μL), and high CD4+T cell group(≥250 cells/μL);according to HIV-1 DNA levels,the patients were divided into low(<100 copies/106cells)and high(≥100 copies/106cells)HIV-1 DNA groups.Results Three candidate SNPs rs368234815,rs8099917 and rs4803223 had significantly different distribution between low and high HIV-1 RNA groups(χ2=0.043,0.047 and 0.032,all P<0.05).The levels of interleukin(IL)-10 were declined in the low HIV-1 RNA group(U=4.00,P<0.05);the levels of IL-13 were decreased in the high HIV-1 RNA group and the high HIV-1 DNA group(U=0.00 and 2.00,both P<0.05);the levels of IL-21 were reduced in the high HIV-1 RNA group and in the low CD4 +T cell group(U=3.00 and 2.00, both P<0.05),the levels of IL-28A were decreased in the high HIV-1 RNA group,the high HIV-1 DNA group,and the low CD4 +T cell group(U=3.00, 0.50 and 3.00,P<0.05 or <0.01).In addition, rs368234815 was associated with IL-21 level(H=6.690,P<0.05),the IL-21 level in rs368234815 ΔG/ΔG [131.88(2.66,174.00)]was higher than that in TT/TT[6.79(2.81,26.48)](P<0.05);rs4803223 was correlated with IFN-γlevel(H=6.690, P<0.05),the IFN-γlevel in GG subtype[62.26(19.45, 96.49)]was higher than that in GA subtype[6.98(2.19, 99.14)](P<0.05).Conclusion The polymorphisms of IFNL3/IFNL4 rs368234815, rs8099917 and rs4803223 are associated with efficacy of HAART and immune-associated cytokines levels in patients with HIV-1 infection.

Experimental hut to study the indoor behaviour and effects of insecticide-treated bednets on phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae)

BACKGROUND Behavioural effects of insecticides on endophagic phlebotomine sand fly vectors of Leishmania are poorly understood mainly because of the lack of an experimental hut (EH) in which to study them. OBJECTIVE To build an EH to evaluate the effects of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) on Lutzomyia longiflocosa. METHODS The study had two phases: (1) Laboratory experiments using tunnel tests to select the traps for the EH; and (2) EH construction and evaluation of the effects of deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin LLINs on L. longiflocosa females inside the EH. FINDINGS Phase 1: The horizontal-slit trap was the best trap. This trap collected the highest percentage of sand flies, and prevented them from escaping. Therefore, this trap was used in the EH. Phase 2: The main effects of LLINs on L. longiflocosa in the EH were: landing inhibition, inhibition from entering the bednet, induced exophily, and high mortality (total and inside exit traps). CONCLUSIONS The EH was effective for evaluating the effects of LLINs on endophagic sand flies. Although both types of LLINs showed high efficacy, the lambda-cyhalothrin-treated LLIN performed better. This is the first report of induced exophily in sand flies.

Bio-efficacy, physical integrity, community usage and washing practices of mosquito nets treated with ICON MAXX long-lasting insecticidal treatment in India

BACKGROUND New brands of potential long lasting insecticide nets (LLINs) and LLIN treatment kits require field evaluation before they are used in a vector control programme. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the bio-efficacy, usage, washing practice and physical integrity of nets treated with LLIN treatment kit, ICON MAXX in a phase III field trial in Odisha state, India. METHODS A total of 300 polyester nets treated with ICON MAXX and 140 polyester nets treated conventionally with lambda-cyhalothrin CS 2.5% ITNs were distributed. The bio-efficacy was evaluated with WHO cone bioassay. The chemical analysis of netting pieces was done at the beginning, after 12 and 36 months of the trial. FINDINGS After one year of distribution of nets, the bioassay showed 100% mortality on both ITNs and ICON MAXX treated nets. At 36 months, the overall pass rate was 58.8% and the mean lambda-cyhalothrin content of LLINs was 34.5 mg ai/m2, showing a loss of 44.4% of the original concentration. CONCLUSION ICON MAXX treated LLIN was found to retain bio-efficacy causing 97% knockdown of Anopheles stephensi up to 30 months and met the WHOPES criteria. However, the desired bio-efficacy was not sustained up to 36 months.

Plasma Cell Cheilitis: A Clinicopathological and Immunohistochemical Study of 13 Cases

BACKGROUND: Plasma cell cheilitis is an unusual benign plasma cell proliferative disease of an unknown etiology that typically presents on the lip. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of 13 cases of plasma cell cheilitis. METHODS: The present study investigated the clinical manifestations, treatment modalities, and outcome of 13 patients diagnosed with plasma cell cheilitis from 2011 to 2016 at Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital and Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital. Biopsy specimens of the all cases were evaluated using conventional hematoxylin and eosin staining with kappa and lambda immunoglobulin light chain immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The age of the patients ranged from 39 to 86 years (mean, 64.7 years), with male predominance. Histopathologically, 61.5% and 38.5% of patients showed band-like and pan dermal plasmacytic infiltrates, respectively. Eosinophilic infiltration was noted in 69.2% of patients. All cases showed both kappa and lambda immunoglobulin light chain reactivities, and kappa predominance was confirmed in 9 patients (69.2%). A majority of the patients was treated with local therapy, such as intralesional steroid injection with topical tacrolimus. Among the 13 patients, plasma cell cheilitis completely resolved, partially resolved, and recurred in 3 (23.1%), 5 (38.5%), and 5 patients (38.5%), respectively. CONCLUSION: Plasma cell cheilitis presented as erosive edematous circumscribed patches or plaques affecting mainly the lower lip of elderly male patients. The majority of histopathology cases showed characteristic plasma cell aggregation on the upper dermis that was immunopositive for immunoglobulin light chain, with kappa predominance.

Multıple Myeloma wıth Homogenous Secretıon of Lambda Lıght Chaın Immunoglobulın: A Case Report.

About 20% of people with multiple myeloma (MM) produce only light kappa chains which is produced in 80% of cases. This population of MM patients may be missed where the laboratory could not effectively detect free light chains of immunoglobulins as it is the case in most developing countries. Many reports showed that individuals with lambda light chain disease have a three times worse prognosis than kappa light chain disease. It is therefore important to improve awareness on the need to look out for light chain disease and emphasize the usefulness of a well-equipped laboratory that will fully analyze immunoglobulins of suspected multiple myeloma cases. After reviewing the patient, main findings included paraplegia, constipation and incessant vomiting suggestive of amyloidosis, a positive urinary bence jones proteins (BJP), normal biochemical parameters, elevated lambda light chain level and reversed kappa/lambda ratio of <0.01, magnetic resonance immaging (MRI) proven osteolytic lesions restricted to the spine and histology of bone marrow sample from laminectomy, as well as bone marrow aspiration cytology showed abnormal plasmacytosis. This is an unusual and rare presentation of MM in this environment. Free light chain (FLC) identification and quantitation should be carried out in all cases of suspected MM; especially in those with no monoclonal bands on serum protein electrophoresis and or immunofixation.

A Study on the Occurrence of Wormian Bones Among the Male and Female Skulls of Tamil Nadu. India.

Background: Wormian bones, also known as intra sutural bones are extra bone pieces that occur within a suture in the cranium. These are irregular isolated bones which appear in addition to the usual centers of ossification of the cranium and, although unusual, are not rare. The number of sutural bones varies considerably because different individuals and different population have different numbers of sutural bones. They occur mostly along the sutures and meeting point of the cranial sutures. They occur most frequently in the course of the lambdoid suture. They are also occasionally seen within the sagittal and coronal sutures. Materials and Methods: In this present study we analyzed the occurrence of sutural bones among 50 male and female skulls in Tamil Nadu region and we compared the results along with the studies of Indian skulls. Result and Conclusion: Based on the study we concluded that sutural bones are more among male skulls than in females among the skulls of Tamil Nadu and this is exactly the opposite of the results given in Indian population.

Measurement of Angle Lambda Using Pentacam in Normal and Exotropic Children

PURPOSE: We measured angle lambda in normal and exotropic patients using Pentacam HR (Oculus, Wetzler, Germany). The relationship between angle lambda and refractive error was analyzed in the present study. METHODS: From December, 2013 to August, 2014, 135 eyes of 135 individuals under 16 years of age were enrolled in this study. Pentacam measures a distance between the center of the pupil and the corneal reflex point. The distance was converted to the angle lambda using the second law of cosines. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows, version 21.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). The differences among the groups when measuring angle lambda were calculated using independent t-test, Mann-Whitney test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Pearson's correlation test was used to analyze the correlation among the variables. RESULTS: The mean age was 7.60 +/- 3.68 years. Mean angle lambda values of the normal and exotropia groups were 4.41 +/- 2.23degrees and 4.92 +/- 2.58degrees, respectively. To evaluate the association of angle lambda and refraction measures, individuals were further classified according to the degree of myopia and hyperopia. The angle lambda values in the 3 groups according to refraction status (myopic, emmetropic and hyperopic) were 3.95 +/- 2.16degrees, 4.84 +/- 2.62degrees and 5.30 +/- 2.35degrees, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between angle lambda and spherical equivalent (correlation coefficient = 0.341, p < 0.001). A significant negative correlation was observed between angle lambda and age (correlation coefficient = -0.181, p = 0.036). There was a negative correlation between axial length and angle lambda (correlation coefficient = -0.469, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The results in this study were in agreement with the results from previous studies. Measuring the distance between the centers of the pupil and the point of corneal reflection using Pentacam is recommended as a quick, objective, quantitative and reproducible method to measure the angle lambda in children.

Distribución de tipos de paraproteínas en una muestra de enfermos con mieloma múltiple / Distribution of types of paraproteins in a sample of patients with multiple myeloma

Introducción: el mieloma múltiple (MM) es una enfermedad caracterizada por una proliferación monoclonal de inmunoglobulinas que representa aproximadamente el 15 por ciento de las hemopatías malignas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de la distribución de las clases, sub clases y tipos de cadenas ligeras de inmunoglobulinas en 285 enfermos con el diagnóstico de MM. Se emplearon tres métodos: electroforesis de proteínas en suero para la detección de la inmunoglobulina monoclonal o paraproteína, electroforesis de inmunofijación y doble inmunodifusión para identificar las clases, sub clases y tipo de cadenas ligeras. Resultados: se encontraron 206 enfermos (72.28 por ciento) con MM IgG; 73 (25.62 por ciento) con MM IgA y 6 (2.1 por ciento) con MM IgM. La distribución de sub clases de IgG fue: 130 casos (63.11 por ciento) IgG1, 43 (20.87 por ciento) IgG2, 21 (10.19 porciento) IgG3 y 12 (5.83 por ciento) IgG4; y la de sub clases de IgA fue de 59 enfermos (80.82 por ciento) IgA1 y 14 (19.18 por ciento) IgA2. Del total de enfermos 187 (65.61 por ciento) mostraron cadenas ligeras tipo kappa y 98 (34.38 por ciento) tipo lambda. Conclusiones: los datos obtenidos en nuestro estudio permitieron identificar la frecuencia de distribución de las clases, subclases y cadenas ligeras en una muestra de enfermos con MM

Introduction: multiple mieloma (MM) is a disease characterized by a monoclonal proliferation of immunoglobulins representing approximately 15 percent of malignant hemopathies. Methods: the distribution of classes, subclasses and light chains of monoclonal immunoglobulins was studied in 285 patients with MM. Three methods were used: serum protein electrophoresis for the detection of monoclonal immunoglobulins or paraproteins, immunofixation electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion to identify classes, subclasses and light chain types. Results: 206 patients (72.28 percent) with IgG MM, 73 (25,62 percent) with IgA MM, and 6 (2,1 percent) with IgM MM were found. The distribution of IgG subclasses was: 130 cases (63,11 percent) IgG1; 43 (20,87 percent) IgG2; 21 (10,19 percent) IgG3: and 12 (5,83 percent) IgG4. Distribution of IgA subclasses was: 59 patients (80,82 percent) IgA1 and 14 (19,18 percent) IgA2; 187 patients (65,62 percent) showed kappa light chains and 98 (34,38 percent) were lambda. Conclusions: the data obtained in our study allowed us to identify the frequency of distribution of classes, subclasses and light chains in a sample of patients with MM

Protective effect of curcumin on oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation against lambda cyhalothrin-induced liver damage in rats.

LCT is a synthetic pyrethroid, developed as an insecticide for agricultural and public health applications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the adverse effects of LCT on rat liver and to elucidate hepatoprotective ability of CMN against LCT. Liver injury in male rats was induced by oral administration of LCT at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. CMN (200 mg/kg/day by oral administration) was used as a protective agent for the same period as LCT. Serum and liver samples were collected from all groups at the end of the experimental period. LCT-intoxication elicited significant elevations in hepatic markers enzymes (ALT and AST) and MDA concomitant with significant declines in the antioxidant enzymes (GPx, GST and GR), GSH and TP levels. In addition, it was noted that LCT-intoxicated group exhibited a degree of liver DNA fragmentation. Oral intake of CMN to LCT-intoxicated rats exhibited significant decrease in liver enzymes activities and lipid peroxidation, significant increase in antioxidant enzymes activities and partial inhibition in DNA fragmentation. Therefore, it was concluded that CMN has the ability to scavenge free radicals, protect against oxidative stress and prevent DNA fragmentation induced by LCT intoxication.

Field evaluation of lambda-cyhalothrin (ICON 10 CS) indoor residual spraying against Anopheles culicifacies in India.

Background & objectives: Field trials of lambda-cyhalothrin 10 CS (ICON 10 CS) in indoor residual spraying (IRS) with 25 mg a.i./m2 against Anopheles culicifacies was undertaken vs malathion IRS (25% WP–2 g a.i./ m2) in Tumkur district, Karnataka; vs deltamethrin IRS (2.5% WP–20 mg a.i./m2) in Dharmapuri district; and vs lambda-cyhalothrin (10 WP–25 mg a.i./m2) in Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: Spray operations in the experimental villages were done by the National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR) and in the control villages by the respective State Health Department staff. Persistence of efficacy of insecticide sprayed in villages was assessed by contact bioassays against vector mosquitoes. Entomological indicators such as per structure density, parity rates of vector mosquitoes and sporozoite rates were measured in all the three study areas using standard procedures. Mass blood surveys and active fever case detections were carried out in experimental and control villages to study the impact of IRS on malaria transmission. Results: Persistence of effectiveness of ICON 10 CS was observed up to 2–3 months in all the three study areas. ICON 10 CS was found effective at par with or better than the insecticides used in the national programme in reducing the mosquito densities and in interrupting malaria transmission in the study villages. Vector density, parity rates and malaria cases considerably reduced in the ICON 10 CS-sprayed villages. Conclusion: Field trials at three sites have established that ICON 10 CS formulation was relatively more effective than malathion 25% WP, deltamethrin 2.5% WP and lambda-cyhalothrin 10% WP in some evaluation parameters like indoor resting mosquitoes, parity rates in vector mosquitoes and persistence of effectiveness. It can be used for IRS for malaria vector control with two rounds of spray at an interval of 3 months for curtailing the malaria transmission and an additional round is recommended in perennial malaria transmission areas.